8051 microcontrollers

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1. What is the size of the level 1 cache in the Pentium II microprocessor? 2. What sizes are available for the level 2 cache in the Pentium II microprocessor? (List all versions.) 3. What is the difference between the level 2 cache on the Pentium-based system and the Pentium II-based system? 4. What is the difference between the level 2 cache in the Pentium Pro and the Pentium II? 5. The speed of the Pentium II Xeon level 2 cache is times faster than the cache in the Pentium II (excluding the Celeron). 6. How much memory can be addressed by the Pentium II? 7. Is the Pentium II available in integrated circuit form? 8. How many pin connections are found on the Pentium II cartridge? 9. What is the purpose of the PICD control signals? 10. What happened to the read and write pins on the Pentium II? 11. At what bus speeds does the Pentium II operate? 12. How fast is the SDRAM connected to the Pentium II system for a 100 MHz bus speed version? ...

THE PENTIUM 4 AND CORE2 The most recent version of the Pentium Pro architecture microprocessor is the Pentium 4 micro- processor and recently the Core2 from Intel. The Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4, and Core2 are all versions of the Pentium Pro architecture. The Pentium 4 was released initially in November 2000 with a speed of 1.3 GHz. It is currently available in speeds up to 3.8 GHz. Two packages are available for early versions of this integrated microprocessor, the 423-pin PGA and the 478-pin FC-PGA2. Both versions of the original issue of the Pentium 4 used the 0.18 micron technology for fabrication. The most recent versions use either the 0.13 micron technology or the 90 nm (0.09 micron) technology. Newer versions of the Pentium 4 use the LGA (leadless grid array) 775 package, which has 775 pins. Intel is currently developing a 45 nm technology for future products. As with earlier versions of the Pentium III, the Pentium 4 uses a 100 MHz memory bus speed, but because i...

SUMMARY 1. The Pentium II differs from earlier microprocessors because instead of being offered as an integrated circuit, the Pentium II is available on a plug-in cartridge or printed circuit board. 2. The level 2 cache for the Pentium II is mounted inside of the cartridge, except for the Celeron, which has no level 2 cache. The cache speed is one half the Pentium II clock speed, except in the Xeon, where it is at the same speed as the Pentium II. All versions of the Pentium II contain an internal level 1 cache that stores 32K bytes of data. 3. The Pentium II is the first Intel microprocessor that is controlled from an external bus con- troller. Unlike earlier versions of the microprocessor, which issued read and write signals, the Pentium II is ordered to read or write information by an external bus controller. 4. The Pentium II operates at clock frequencies from 233 MHz to 450 MHz with bus speeds of 66 MHz or 100 MHz. The level 2 cache can be 512K, 1M, or 2M bytes in size. Th...

THE PENTIUM III The Pentium III microprocessor is an improved version of the Pentium II microprocessor. Even though it is newer than the Pentium II, it is still based on the Pentium Pro architecture. There are two versions of the Pentium III. One version is available with a nonblocking 512K-byte cache and packaged in the slot 1 cartridge, and the other version is available with a 256K-byte advanced transfer cache and packaged in an integrated circuit. The slot-1 version cache runs at half the processor speed, and the integrated-cache version runs at the processor clock frequency. As shown in most benchmarks of cache performance, increasing the cache size from 256K bytes to 512K bytes only improves performance by a few percent. Chip Sets The chip set for the Pentium III is different from the Pentium II. The Pentium III uses an Intel 810, 815, or 820 chip set. The 815 is most commonly found in newer systems that use the Pentium III. A few other vendors’ chip sets are available, b...

PENTIUM II SOFTWARE CHANGES The Pentium II microprocessor core is a Pentium Pro. This means that the Pentium II and the Pentium Pro are essentially the same device for software. This section of the text lists the changes to the CPUID instruction and the SYSENTER, SYSEXIT, FXSAVE, and FXRSTORE instructions (the only modifications to the software). CPUID Instruction Table 19–4 lists the values passed between the Pentium II and the CPUID instruction. These are changed from earlier versions of the Pentium microprocessor. The version information returned after executing the CPUID instruction with a logic 0 in EAX is returned in EAX. The family ID is returned in bits 8 to 11; the model ID is returned in bits 4 to 7. The stepping ID is returned in bits 0 to 3. For the Pentium II, the model number is 6 and the family ID is a 3. The stepping number refers to an update number—the higher the step- ping number, the newer the version. The features are indicated in the EDX register after e...

THE PENTIUM II, PENTIUM III, PENTIUM 4, AND CORE2 MICROPROCESSORS INTRODUCTION The Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4, and Core2 microprocessors may well signal the end to the evolution of the 32-bit architecture with the advent of the Itanium1 and Itanium II micro- processors from Intel. The Itanium is a 64-bit architecture microprocessor. The Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4, and Core2 architectures are extensions of the Pentium Pro architecture, with some differences. The most notable difference is that the internal cache from the Pentium Pro architecture has been moved out of the microprocessor in the Pentium II. Another major change is that the Pentium II is not available in integrated circuit form. Instead, the Pentium II is found on a small plug-in circuit board called a cartridge along with a separate level 2 cache chip. Various versions of the Pentium II are available. The Celeron2 is a version of the Pentium II that does not contain the level 2 cache on the Pentium II c...

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1. How much memory is accessible to the Pentium microprocessor? 2. How much memory is accessible to the Pentium Pro microprocessor? 3. The memory data bus width is in the Pentium. 4. What is the purpose of the DP0–DP7 pins on the Pentium? 5. If the Pentium operates at 66 MHz, what frequency clock signal is applied to the CLK pin? 6. What is the purpose of the BRDY pin on the Pentium? 7. What is the purpose of the AP pin on the Pentium? 8. How much memory access time is allowed by the Pentium, without wait states, when it is operated at 66 MHz? 9. What Pentium pin is used to insert wait states into the timing? 10. A wait state is an extra clocking period. 11. Explain how two integer units allow the Pentium to execute two nondependent instructions simultaneously. 12. How many caches are found in the Pentium and what are their sizes? 13. How wide is the Pentium memory data sample window for a memory read operation? 14. Can the Pentium e...

SUMMARY 1. The Pentium microprocessor is almost identical to the earlier 80386 and 80486 micro- processors. The main difference is that the Pentium has been modified internally to contain a dual cache (instruction and data) and a dual integer unit. The Pentium also operates at a higher clock speed of 66 MHz. 2. The 66 MHz Pentium requires 3.3 A of current, and the 60 MHz version requires 2.91 A. The power supply must be a +5.0 V supply with a regulation of ±5%. Newer versions of the Pentium require a 3.3 V or 2.7 V power supply. 3. The data bus on the Pentium is 64 bits wide and contains eight byte-wide memory banks selected with bank enable signals (BE7–BE0). 4. Memory access time, without wait states, is only about 18 ns in the 66 MHz Pentium. In many cases, this short access time requires wait states that are introduced by controlling the BRDY input to the Pentium. 5. The superscalar structure of the Pentium contains three independent processing units: a floating-point pro...

SPECIAL PENTIUM PRO FEATURES The Pentium Pro is essentially the same microprocessor as the 80386, 80486, and Pentium, except that some additional features and changes to the control register set have occurred. This section highlights the differences between the 80386 control register structure and the Pentium Pro control register. Control Register 4 Figure 18–17 shows control register 4 of the Pentium Pro microprocessor. Notice that CR4 has two new control bits that are added to the control register array. This section of the text explains only the two new Pentium Pro components in the control register 4. (Refer to Figure 18–8 for a description and illustration of the Pentium control registers.) Following is a description of the Pentium CR4 bits and the new Pentium Pro control bits in control register CRM4: VME Virtual mode extension enables support for the virtual interrupt flag in protected mode. If VME = 0, virtual interrupt support is disabled. PVI Protected mode virtua...

INTRODUCTION TO THE PENTIUM PRO MICROPROCESSOR Before this or any other microprocessor can be used in a system, the function of each pin must be understood. This section of the chapter details the operation of each pin, along with the external memory system and I/O structures of the Pentium Pro microprocessor. versions: One version contains a 256K level 2 cache; the other contains a 512K level 2 cache. The most notable difference in the pin-out of the Pentium Pro, when compared to the Pentium, is that there are provisions for a 36-bit address bus, which allows access to 64G bytes of memory. This is meant for future use because no system today contains anywhere near that amount of memory. As with most recent versions of the Pentium microprocessor, the Pentium Pro requires a single +3.3 V or +2.7 V power supply for operation. The power supply current is a maximum of 9.9 A for the 150 MHz version of the Pentium Pro, which also has a maximum power dissipation of 26.7 W. A good heat...